Fruit ontogenesis in Clusia parviflora Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (Clusiaceae) Ontogênese do fruto de Clusia parviflora Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (Clusiaceae)

Aspects of the morpho-anatomy of developing fruits and seeds of Clusia parviflora are presented and discussed as a continuation of the study of these organs in Clusiaceae. The fruit is a septifrage capsule; the suberized exocarp is derived from the external epidermis of the ovary. The mesocarp originates from the ovarian mesophyll and remains parenchymal in nature. The endocarp is derived from the internal epidermis of the ovary and the endocarp is derived from the inner ovary epidermis as well as from three to four adjacent subepidermal layers, with tangentially elongated cells which become lignified and contribute to fruit dehiscence. The ovules are anatropous, bitegmic, with an endothelium, and give rise to equally anatropous seeds. The exotesta has cells containing phenolic compounds. The exotegmen consists entirely of sclerids with anticlinal and undulating cell walls, while the rest of the tegmen collapses during maturation. The embryo is slightly curved and the hypocotyl-radicle axis is well developed, with two very small cotyledons. There seems to be uniformity in the genus Clusia as regards the final number of layers in the mature seed coat, being evident the continuous lignified exotegmen and the hypocotylar embryo. It should be pointed out that the number of layers in the ovule integument can be used for diagnosis at the species levelAspectos morfo-anatômicos dos frutos e sementes em desenvolvimento de Clusia parviflora são apresentados e discutidos, visando dar continuidade aos estudos com estes órgãos em Clusiaceae. O fruto é cápsula septífraga; o exocarpo suberificado deriva da epiderme externa do ovário. O mesocarpo, originado do mesofilo ovariano, permanece parenquimático. O endocarpo é derivado da epiderme interna do ovário e de três a quatro camadas subepidérmicas, cujas células tangencialmente alongadas tornam-se lignificadas, contribuindo para a deiscência do fruto. Os óvulos são anátropos, bitegumentados, com endotélio, e originam sementes também anátropas, bitegumentadas e exalbuminosas. A exotesta apresenta células de conteúdo fenólico. O exotégmen consta inteiramente de esclereídes com paredes anticlinais onduladas. O restante do tégmen torna-se colapsado. O embrião é levemente curvado e apresenta um eixo hipocótilo-radicular cilíndrico e muito desenvolvido, com dois cotilédones muito pequenos. Parece haver uniformidade em Clusiacom relação ao número de camadas no tegumento seminal maduro, mas o número de camadas no tegumento ovulífero pode ser um caráter diagnóstico em nível específico

Fruit ontogenesis in Clusia parviflora Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (Clusiaceae)

Aspects of the morpho-anatomy of developing fruits and seeds of Clusia parviflora are presented and discussed as a continuation of the study of these organs in Clusiaceae. The fruit is a septifrage capsule; the suberized exocarp is derived from the external epidermis of the ovary. The mesocarp originates from the ovarian mesophyll and remains parenchymal in nature. The endocarp is derived from the internal epidermis of the ovary and the endocarp is derived from the inner ovary epidermis as well as from three to four adjacent subepidermal layers, with tangentially elongated cells which become lignified and contribute to fruit dehiscence. The ovules are anatropous, bitegmic, with an endothelium, and give rise to equally anatropous seeds. The exotesta has cells containing phenolic compounds. The exotegmen consists entirely of sclerids with anticlinal and undulating cell walls, while the rest of the tegmen collapses during maturation. The embryo is slightly curved and the hypocotyl-radicle axis is well developed, with two very small cotyledons. There seems to be uniformity in the genus Clusia as regards the final number of layers in the mature seed coat, being evident the continuous lignified exotegmen and the hypocotylar embryo. It should be pointed out that the number of layers in the ovule integument can be used for diagnosis at the species leve

Morfologia de plântulas e estádios juvenis de espécies invasoras

The morphology of 20 species of weeds that occur in the most common crops in Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil and adjacent regions were described at early developmental stages, in order to identify the species in the field and provide information for taxonomic and ecological works. Sixteen species featured epigeal-foliaceous seedlings. The seedling in Cardiospenuum halicacabum is epigeal-fleshy; in Cenchrus echinatus and Digitaria horizontalis it is hypogeal and in Commelina virginica is epigeal-cryptocotyledonar. The differentiation of the first eophyll occurred within ten (Digitaria horizontalis) to 35 days (Bidens pilosa) and the first metaphyll appeared within 22 (Commelina virginica) to 49 days (Acanthospenuum australe). The number of eophylls varied from one to four, and the phyllotaxis varied from alternate to opposite

Morfoanatomia e ontogênese dos frutos e sementes de Clusia lanceolata Cambess. (Clusiaceae) = Morphology, anatomy and ontogeny of the fruits and seeds of Clusia lanceolata Cambess. (Clusiaceae)

Clusia lanceolata Cambess é espécie arbustiva da Mata Atlântica. Caracteriza-se por ser dioica, com flores estaminadas e pistiladas grandes, vistosas, de coloração rosa, apresentando a parte interna vinácea. Foram descritos aspectos morfológicos e estruturais dos frutos e sementes dessa espécie, visando classificar corretamente o seu tipo de fruto e, também, confirmar a origem do apêndice carnoso que envolve as sementes. O material botânico utilizado constou de flores em antese e frutos, em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento, coletados de dois espécimes. Os estudos morfológicos e anatômicos foram realizados segundo técnicas usuais. O fruto é cápsula septífraga, esférica, de coloração verde-avermelhado. O exocarpo é unisseriado; o mesocarpo parenquimático contém numerosos ductos secretores e feixes vasculares, de disposição principalmente longitudinal. O endocarpo é derivado da epiderme interna do ovário e de três a quatro camadas subepidérmicas, cujas células alongam-se tangencialmente e a parede que delimita o lóculo sofre lignificação. A abertura se faz pela sutura carpelar, por meio de uma faixa de células parenquimáticas de tamanho reduzido, que se bifurca em direção aos lóculos no meio dos septos. Os óvulos anátropos bitegumentados, com endotélio e hipóstase, originam sementes também anátropas, exotégmicas e envolvidas por arilo de origem funicular e exostomal. O embrião é hipocotilar.Clusia lanceolata Cambess. is a shrub species native to the Atlantic Forest. The plant is dioecious, with large, showy, pink staminate and pistillate flowers that are wine-colored internally. The morphological and structural aspects of the fruits and seeds of this species are described here in order to correctly classify the fruit type and to determine the origin of the fleshy appendage that surrounds the seeds. The botanical material utilized here contained flowers in anthesis and fruits in four stages of development, and were collected from two different plants. The morphological and anatomical studies were performed according to traditional techniques. The fruit is a septifrage, spherical capsule with a reddish-green coloration. The exocarp is uniseriate; the parenchymatous mesocarp contains numerous secretory ducts and vascular bundles arranged in predominantly longitudinal positions. The endocarp is derived from the internal epidermis of the ovary and has from three to four subepidermal layers whose component cells are tangentially elongated, and the cell walls lining the locule become lignified. The fruits open by means of the carpelar suture, along a stand of small parenchymous cells that bifurcate in the direction of the locules, in the midst of the septum. The anatropous bitegumentedovules, with an endothelium and hypostase, give rise to seeds that are likewise anatropous, exotegmic, and wrapped in an aril that has a funicular and exostomal origin. The embryo is hypocotylar

Morfoanatomia e ontogênese dos frutos e sementes de Clusia lanceolata Cambess. (Clusiaceae) - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v32i4.3567

Clusia lanceolata Cambess. is a shrub species native to the Atlantic Forest. The plant is dioecious, with large, showy, pink staminate and pistillate flowers that are wine-colored internally. The morphological and structural aspects of the fruits and seeds of this species are described here in order to correctly classify the fruit type and to determine the origin of the fleshy appendage that surrounds the seeds. The botanical material utilized here contained flowers in anthesis and fruits in four stages of development, and were collected from two different plants. The morphological and anatomical studies were performed according to traditional techniques. The fruit is a septifrage, spherical capsule with a reddish-green coloration. The exocarp is uniseriate; the parenchymatous mesocarp contains numerous secretory ducts and vascular bundles arranged in predominantly longitudinal positions. The endocarp is derived from the internal epidermis of the ovary and has from three to four subepidermal layers whose component cells are tangentially elongated, and the cell walls lining the locule become lignified. The fruits open by means of the carpelar suture, along a stand of small parenchymous cells that bifurcate in the direction of the locules, in the midst of the septum. The anatropous bi-tegumented ovules, with an endothelium and hypostase, give rise to seeds that are likewise anatropous, exotegmic, and wrapped in an aril that has a funicular and exostomal origin. The embryo is hypocotylar.Clusia lanceolata Cambess é espécie arbustiva da Mata Atlântica. Caracteriza-se por ser dioica, com flores estaminadas e pistiladas grandes, vistosas, de coloração rosa, apresentando a parte interna vinácea. Foram descritos aspectos morfológicos e estruturais dos frutos e sementes dessa espécie, visando classificar corretamente o seu tipo de fruto e, também, confirmar a origem do apêndice carnoso que envolve as sementes. O material botânico utilizado constou de flores em antese e frutos, em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento, coletados de dois espécimes. Os estudos morfológicos e anatômicos foram realizados segundo técnicas usuais. O fruto é cápsula septífraga, esférica, de coloração verde-avermelhado. O exocarpo é unisseriado; o mesocarpo parenquimático contém numerosos ductos secretores e feixes vasculares, de disposição principalmente longitudinal. O endocarpo é derivado da epiderme interna do ovário e de três a quatro camadas subepidérmicas, cujas células alongam-se tangencialmente e a parede que delimita o lóculo sofre lignificação. A abertura se faz pela sutura carpelar, por meio de uma faixa de células parenquimáticas de tamanho reduzido, que se bifurca em direção aos lóculos no meio dos septos. Os óvulos anátropos bitegumentados, com endotélio e hipóstase, originam sementes também anátropas, exotégmicas e envolvidas por arilo de origem funicular e exostomal. O embrião é hipocotilar

Cypsela or achene? Refining terminology by considering anatomical and historical factors

A preocupação com o uso indiscriminado dos termos cipsela e aquênio para os frutos de Asteraceae tem sido freqüentemente destacada por especialistas na família. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de verificar a existência de argumentos para justificar a adoção de um termo em detrimento do outro. Após análise histórica e anatômica, concluiu-se que há fundamento técnico para considerar cipsela e aquênio como diferentes tipos de frutos. Para Asteraceae, o correto é denominar cipsela, já que aquênios são formados somente a partir de ovários súperos, como em Plumbaginaceae.The worry about the indiscriminate use of the terms cypsela and achene for the fruits of Asteraceae has been frequently detached by specialists in this family. The present work was developed aiming to verify the existence of arguments to justify the adoption of a term against the other. After historical and anatomical analysis, we concluded that there is technical basis to consider cypsela and achene as different types of fruits. For Asteraceae, the correct is to call cypsela; achenes are only derived from superior ovaries, as in Plumbaginaceae.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Fruit of Lepidaploa (Cass.) Cass. (Vernonieae, Asteraceae): anatomy and taxonomic implications

ABSTRACT Lepidaploa is a taxonomically complex genus of Vernonieae, which is difficult to delimit morphologically due to vegetative and reproductive characters that overlap with Chrysolaena and Lessingianthus. Anatomical studies of cypselae are taxonomically useful for delimiting subtribes, genera and species of Asteraceae, and especially within Astereae and Eupatorieae. Given the importance of cypselae to the taxonomy of tribes of Asteraceae, we searched for morphological patterns among the species of Lepidaploa. Using light microscopy, we analyzed fruits of 21 species of Lepidaploa to evaluate the taxonomic position of the genus and species of questionable placement in the group. Our results showed that the morphologies of the cypselae of species of Lepidaploa are homogeneous and similar to other species of Vernonieae. However, pappus vascularization and the number of mesocarp layers could be useful for differentiating the sister groups Chrysolaena, Lepidaploa and Lessingianthus, which present similar macro- and micro-morphological, palynological and chromosomal characters. Also, the presence of glandular trichomes and idioblasts in the cypsela, and lignified cells in the carpopodium exocarp, can be used to separate closely related species